Easy Way to Draw Pulmonary and Systemic Circuit
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What is the proper path of a drop of blood through the vascular system, starting in the right atrium?
Possible Answers:
Right atrium, right ventricle, aorta, arteries, arteriorles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins
Right atrium, left atrium, aorta, arteries, arteriorles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae, right ventricle, left ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arteriorles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae
Right atrium, left atrium, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, right ventricle, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arteriorles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae
Correct answer:
Right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arteriorles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae
Explanation:
The correct path of a drop of blood through the vascular system is right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, arteries, arteriorles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cavae.
The right atrium and ventricle transfer deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Blood is oxygenated and returned to the left artium via the pulmonary veins. The left ventricle then pumps the oxygenated blood to the body, exiting the heart through the aorta. Systemic circulation flows through arteries, then arterioles, then capillaries where gas exchange occurs to tissues. Blood is then returned to the heart through venules and veins, which merge into the superior and inferior vena cavae and empty into the right atrium to complete the circuit.
Which heart chamber is more muscular and why?
Possible Answers:
The right ventricle requires more muscle because it must pump more blood than the left ventricle
The left ventricle requires more muscle because it must keep blood in the aorta at a high pressure
The right ventricle requires more muscle because it must keep blood entering the lungs at higher pressure than blood entering the aorta
The left ventricle requires more muscle because it must pump more blood than the right ventricle
Correct answer:
The left ventricle requires more muscle because it must keep blood in the aorta at a high pressure
Explanation:
The left ventricle is more muscular than the right ventricle because it must keep the blood in the aorta at high pressure. The high blood pressure in the aorta helps to continue pushing the rest of the blood in the general circulation through the body and back to the heart. The blood in the pulmonary artery is actually at lower pressure than blood in the aorta, since pulmonary capillaries would easily rupture otherwise.
Note that both ventricles pump the same volume of blood, as any blood passing through one ventricle will ultimately return to the other. Blood can be thought of as the current flow in a series circuit.
Which structures contain deoxygenated blood?
Possible Answers:
Superior vena cava and left ventricle
Pulmonary veins and right ventricle
Right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Right and left atria
Correct answer:
Right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Explanation:
When blood returns to the heart via the superior and inferior vena cavae, it is deoxygenated. It remains this way as it passes through the right atrium, the right ventricle, and the pulmonary arteries, through which it travels to the lungs to conduct gas exchange with the alveoli. Both the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery contain deoxygenated blood.
All of the other answer choices contain at least one component that carries oxygenated blood.
Which of the following paths correctly orders blood flow through the systemic circuit of the circulatory system?
Possible Answers:
Right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, left atrium
Left ventricle, aorta, vena cavae, right atrium
Left ventricle, aorta, pulmonary veins, right atrium
Right ventricle, aorta, vena cava, left atrium
Correct answer:
Left ventricle, aorta, vena cavae, right atrium
Explanation:
The heart is composed of two circuits: the pulmonary circulation on the right side of the heart, and the systemic circulation on the left side of the heart. Keep in mind that these simplified pathways are ignoring the arterioles, capillaries, and venules that are present in each circulation.
Pulmonary circulation is ordered from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries, through the lungs, to the pulmonary veins, and reenters the heart in the left atrium.
Systemic circulation is ordered from the left ventricle to the aorta, through the structures of the body, to the superior or inferior vena cava, and reenters the heart in the right atrium.
Blood velocity is slowest through which of the following vessels?
Possible Answers:
Vena cava
Femoral artery
Venules
Capillaries
Aorta
Correct answer:
Capillaries
Explanation:
The velocity of blood is inversely proportional to the size of the vessel. Although capillaries are the smallest individually, they have the largest combined cross-sectional area. Blood is slowest therefore slowest in the capillaries, which is necessary for gas and nutrient exchange to occur. Blood is fastest in the aorta, and as the vessels branch and have a larger cross sectional area the velocity deceases.
Which vessel carries blood away from the right ventricle of the heart?
Possible Answers:
Aorta
Pulmonary veins
Superior vena cava
Pulmonary arteries
Correct answer:
Pulmonary arteries
Explanation:
The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation. Arteries always carry blood away from the heart, while veins always carry blood toward the heart. The pulmonary arteries are the only arteries to carry deoxygenated blood. After traveling to the lungs, blood is returned to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, the only veins to carry oxygenated blood.
The aorta carries blood from the left ventricle to the body for systemic circulation. The vena cavae return the blood from systemic circulation to the right atrium. The superior vena cava returns blood from the head upper extremities, while the inferior vena cava returns blood from the abdomen and lower extremities.
Which of the following vessels is not involved in the systemic circulation?
Possible Answers:
Hepatic portal capillaries
The vasa recta
Femoral artery
Pulmonary veins
Correct answer:
Pulmonary veins
Explanation:
The systemic circulation refers to the path that carries blood from the left ventricle, through the body, back to the right atrium. In contrast, the pulmonary circuit refers to the path from the right ventricle, through the lungs, and back to the left atrium.
The femoral artery is a major systemic artery found in the leg and thigh. The hepatic portal system delivers oxygenated blood to the liver. The vasa recta refers to the capillaries surrounding the nephrons in the kidney, which help to regulate the ion gradient responsible for concentrating urine.
The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, and are part of the pulmonary circuit.
An obstruction in the pulmonary artery would cause an immediate increase in blood pressure which region?
Possible Answers:
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Pulmonary veins
Right ventricle
Correct answer:
Right ventricle
Explanation:
When an obstruction causes a restriction of flow, increased pressure will occur upstream of the blockage. In the cardiopulmonary system blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary artery, lungs, and pulmonary vein, before re-entering the heart at the left atrium.
Should a blockage occur in the pulmonary artery, blood will pool behind the blockage (upstream) in the right ventricle, increasing the pressure in this chamber.
Hemoglobin is the principal oxygen-carrying protein in humans. It exists within erythrocytes, and binds up to four diatomic oxygen molecules simultaneously. Hemoglobin functions to maximize oxygen delivery to tissues, while simultaneously maximizing oxygen absorption in the lungs. Hemoglobin thus has a fundamentally contradictory set of goals. It must at once be optimized to absorb oxygen, and to offload oxygen. Natural selection has overcome this apparent contradiction by making hemoglobin exquisitely sensitive to conditions in its microenvironment.
One way in which hemoglobin accomplishes its goals is through the phenomenon ofcooperativity.Cooperativity refers to the ability of hemoglobin to change its oxygen binding behavior as a function of how many other oxygen atoms are bound to the molecule.
Fetal hemoglobinshows a similar pattern of cooperativity, but has unique binding characteristics relative to adult hemoglobin. Fetal hemoglobin reaches higher saturation at lower oxygen partial pressure.
Because of cooperativity, adult and fetal oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves appear as follows.
Beyond its ability to carry oxygen, hemoglobin is also effective as a blood buffer. The general reaction for the blood buffer system of hemoglobin is given below.
H+ + HbO2 ←→ H+Hb + O2
Hemoglobin binding to oxygen is dependent on oxygen partial pressure, as depicted in the above graph. Where is oxygen partial pressure likely to be the highest?
Possible Answers:
Venules
Tissue arterioles
Capillaries
Lung capillaries
Aorta
Correct answer:
Lung capillaries
Explanation:
Oxygen partial pressure is likely to be highest in the lung capillaries, as this is where oxygen will be "loaded" on to hemoglobin molecules for transportation to the tissues. Since binding affinity increases with oxygen partial pressure, one would also expect red blood cells in lung capillaries to bind the strongest to oxygen, which allows hemoglobin saturation in the lungs.
A man is diagnosed with increased pulmonary capillary resistance. As a result, which part of the heart would be expected to increase in muscle mass?
Possible Answers:
Right ventricle and left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Left atrium
Correct answer:
Right ventricle
Explanation:
Increased pulmonary resistance means that it will be more difficult to pump blood into the lungs. The right ventricle, which performs this function, will compensate by increasing in muscle mass. The left atrium will not increase in muscle mass because it receives blood from the lungs and pumps blood into the left ventricle; its muscle mass will likely be unaffected.
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